Total Blackout

Has NASA Predicted a 'Total Blackout' Due to an 'Alignment of the Universe'?

..................  NO! ..... IT'S TOTALLY WRONG .... NASA HAS PREDICTED NO SUCH THINGS ...... AS LIKE THIS ....

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 NASA predicts total blackout on 23-25 Dec 2012 during alignment of Universe. US scientists predict Universe change, total blackout of planet for 3 days from Dec 23 2012.It is not the end of the world, it is an alignment of the Universe, where the Sun and the earth will align for the first time. The earth will shift from the current third dimension to zero dimension, then shift to the forth dimension. During this transition, the entire Universe will face a big change, and we will see a entire brand new world.The 3 days blackout is predicted to happen on Dec 23, 24, 25....during this time, staying calm is most important, hug each other, pray pray pray, sleep for 3 nights...and those who survive will face a brand new world....for those not prepared, many will die because of fear. Be happy, enjoy every moment now. Don't worry, pray to God everyday. There is a lot of talk about what will happen in 2012, but many people don't believe it, and don't want to talk about it for fear of creating fear and panic.We don't know what will happen, but it is worth listening to USA's NASA talk about preparation. Whether it's true or not, better be prepared. No panic, stay calm, just prays. Remember to smile more, love more and forgive more...every day. Better avoid traveling during December NASA America predicts total blackout on Earth from 22-25 Dec 2012 during alignment of Universe. If possible, please avoid traveling during the third week of December 2012 as all modes of communication may fail.

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US scientists predict total darkness on planet earth for 3 days from Dec 22 2012. It is NOT the end of the world, it is just an alignment 
of the Universe, where the Sun and the earth will align for the first time. All planets are expected to align in a straight line as A result of which there could be some natural calamities on Earth. The earth will shift from the current third dimension to zero dimension, 
then shift to the 4th dimension. During this transition, the entire Universe will face a big change, and we will see an entire brand 
new world. The 3 days blackout is predicted to happen on Dec 22, 23, 24, 2012.... So do gooD be good live for the present enjoy life.

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On 21 December the Earth will enter a still ring called the Photonic belt at 1:00 AM. Colombian time. Where our planet will go off completely, and will last 3 days of darkness. NASA confirmed it December 5th 2012. It is said that when it is completely dark you will feel cold and there will be flashes of lights, "nothing is going to happen, is just an extraordinary phenomenon that happens every 11 million years." It is recommended to remain in your houses as power fails or electronic devices. 3 Days of darkness will pass. This is what the Mayan calendar was referring. A planetary alignment. NOT the end of the world. You have to be prepared!

WHAT IS RIGHT }-

There will be no three-day blackout in December 2012. Indeed, the phrases used above — "total blackout of planet," "alignment of the universe," "shift from the current third dimension to zero dimension," etc. — are not only undefined, but meaningless. It's pseudo-scientific nonsense.The "alignment" to which our unknown authors apparently refer is the passing of the sun, as seen from earth, across the approximate center of our galaxy on December 21, 2012 (the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere). This happens every year at about the same time and portends nothing in terms of earthly events — good or ill — given that the galactic center is some 28,000 light years (165,000 trillion miles) away. It's a cosmic non-event.It so happens there's a super-massive black hole at the center of the galaxy, and, as everyone knows, black holes are mysterious and scary, so purveyors of 2012 doomsday scenarios have used this as an excuse to spread fears that the aforementioned "alignment" may in fact wreak physical havoc here on earth, somehow. But again, we're talking about a cosmic entity unimaginably far away from our planet and a galactic alignment that occurs every year like clockwork, and has throughout all human existence. 

ABOUT NASA VIDEO }-

Most versions of the text include a link to a two-and-a-half-minute YouTube video showing NASA Administrator Charles F. Bolden, Jr. recommending to employees and contractors of the space agency that they develop family preparedness plans in case of unforeseen emergencies. It was recorded in June 2011. Its message is routine, generic, and has nothing to do with "dimensional shifts," "alignments of the universe," or a "total blackout of the planet." View the video in its original context here.

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WOMAN RIGHTS ! SOLUTIONS ? OR PRETENSE ?

Woman can be said as the God’s complete creation. She is the symbol of independence, love, caring, gentleness and intensity- both in love and in hate. Women are emotionally stronger than man.


Undoubtedly women endure much more pain than men do. No men do go through even half the pain a woman goes through during labor. Margaret Thatcher, Benazir Bhutto and Indira Gandhi have shown that women can rule a country even better than men… and maybe even the world! However, women have not been treated nicely by men all throughout time. They have been denied their rights, their opportunities. It is very common happening on a daily basis in offices, sports, factories, schools and entertainment.

IN EDUCATION the common excuse is that girls are made to be housewives and mothers. Reasonably and honestly speaking, this is true. Motherhood is something that God has blessed only females with. But this doesn’t mean that girls should be totally ignorant about the world, current affairs, and history. God has revealed in the Holy Quran, gita and bible ..... “Seek knowledge from thy cradle to thy grave”. He has not added “this pertains only to men”. So, one does not have the excuse of religion for forbidding girls to study. Religion encourages it. In fact Prophet Mohammed has said, “Read even if takes you to China”. This is without discrimination. Girls who are well-educated make better wives and mother than uneducated women. That way, a lot of people would benefit from a girls’ education!
  
However, what does not get assurance is that fact that so many girls in India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq and many more eastern countries are having to give up their ambitions, simply because their parents feel that girls should be married and mothers by the age of 18. It is not only education where girls are forced to take a backseat in the East. The inequality spreads too many other things too.

More than half of the total rape cases go unreported. This is because the victims do not want to shame their families by publicizing the abuse they have gone through and they do not want to face embarrassing cross-questioning in the court. The society makes the victims pay for someone else’s mistakes. Unwed mothers are verbally and physically abused in public places.
Dowry is another very common problem. Particularly in India. The groom’s family demands enormous sums of money and other valuables from the bride’s father, to show that the groom is doing them a big favor by agreeing to marry their daughter. If the father is unable to pay, the bride is usually married off anyway but then she is mentally and physically tortured and sometime burnt to death.

Female infanticide is another problem. It is not a new problem; it has existed for thousands of years in the East. It is selective murder. As soon as the baby is born, if it is a girl, she is either buried alive or drowned.
However, in the West, things are dramatically different. Women are not treated as atrociously as in the East. Women in the West have the right to education and they have no limit on how far they want to study. 

Women in the West have high profile careers and command respect and good pay too. But, women in the West do have to deal with discrimination. The most common is unequal pay. This is common in almost every career-sports, films, multinational companies, schools etc. They also face problems in getting a job position where they are competing for with a man. The man is almost always favored over the woman.
thus, there are a lot of differences in the way women are treated in the East and the West, but there are also some similarities. 

I feel it is sick what is happening across the country. It is totally sick, and it needs to stop We have thousands of rape cases pending in different courts of the country. As a result, there is no fear of law  We are all pained to hear of this news. Every parent will be worried over their daughter's going outside the home. The culprits should be punished and the punishments should be published by the media so that it deters people with such intents. Apart from this root cause should be analyzed and steps should be taken to eliminate the mindset.

Latest statistics proved that India is unsafe for women and delhi is the most insecure place for women . Surprisingly, both are ruled by a woman's power { sonia gandhi and shila dikshit} 

Uttar Pradesh recorded about 7,000 cases of crime against women in the year of 2010-2011, and 60 per cent cases were rape cases. In most cases culprits are roaming scot-free, and cases are lying in various district court. On the other hand, Delhi has registered 1500 cases in 2010-2011, and crime is almost double from previous year. Rape case victims are worst affected

 "I fail to understand what government is doing to curb all these case?"There is no site of implementation of law, it is really frustrating",  

All states and UTs of India witnessed the jump in cases of offences against women. NCW statistics shows that there is major increase in percentage of crimes and in villages women have to tolerate all these silently due to lack of laws.

All over India percentage of crimes are nearly double, and women are not safe in any part of the country.it's so .......

 What's solution to all of this ...

How many days anyone  stay at home to keep herself away from crime? and Eve-teasing is common problem during travelling,  
 The bottom line is that women are not safe in India so the question of why and when prevails.

woman right's .... it is or not ????

Fundamental Rights not only protects individuals from any arbitrary state actions but also prevents violation of human rights. Some Fundamental Rights apply for both the Indian citizen as well as persons of other nationality whereas others are available only to Indian citizens. 
The right to life and personal liberty and the right to freedom of religion are available to all people. On the other hand, freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are exclusively meant for citizens. All the provisions of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights can be amended. Basically every citizen in India enjoys six fundamental rights:

Right to equality
Right to freedom
Right against exploitation

The Right to Equality  says that all men are born equal and therefore they should be treated equally. All Citizens are equal before law. No citizen can be denied to access shops, public hotels, and places of entertainment etc. on the basis of caste, religion, sex or place of birth. Are they got it rights? ..........

Right to Freedom is the essence of Democracy. According to Right to Freedom every citizen can freely express his thoughts and no one can stop him for doing so. They can move freely to any part of India and relocate to any part of India. any part of india ???? he he he ...they can't survive in her own city then what the hell about her country .............. 

Right against Exploitation says no individual can be forced or compelled to do work without wages. The rights of women and children are also protected. these Articles  of Indian constitution prohibit trafficking in human beings and forced labor that abolished the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories and mines. Begar, or forced labor is a crime and is a punishable offense. 14  years ??? it's maximum require age .... just open your eyes ....you got the reality ....

We want this case to be dealt with within 30 days and not the go the usual way when justice is denied to rape victims because of inordinate delays and the rapists go scot-free 

i have no world excpet than a lot of pain about this Terrible ordeal .....  but yeah i have some nice lines for our gouvernment "justice and power must be brought together so that whatever is just may be powerful and whatever is powerful may be just " ...think about it .........  


for our genertaion  -  what you think ? what's your duty ? duty about your family ? about your city ? about your country ? about humankind ? about all over world ? you know what ......  our modern affection is ... about any matter ... that's just tweeting , sharing , like and commenting about that  nothing else ..... anyone can become angry that is easy , but to be angry with the right person at the right time and for the right purpose and in the right way that is not with everyones and that is not easy ...... it's time to be angry .... 


Dear all girls .... live your life according to what is right for you ..... and i pray to god that 21 dec is doomsday for those motherfuckers ...... :"( 
                                                                                                Thank you ....



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The "Great" Indian Men Mentality

 You come to India and ask anyone what is their perception about west I am sure many will tell you “Oh! West they have no ethics when it comes to sex and sexuality, they just do it with anyone Characterless women and men.” 
But I say agreed the actions of many in west can be called filthy but the Indian mentality is filthier. Indians look far towards America and others and say “Disgusting! shame on them” I also look at them around here and say “Disgusting! Shame on us” 
I don’t say that the western ways are good but I do say that if west on the bad path we are heading towards nothing good either. 
In the west if they are interested to have a short term physical relation with a lady they might be open about it and talk to her that this is what I want if you agree. Be it a yes or no from the lady but still they don’t talk behind the girl’s back they say it face to face. Instead of being face to face whereas here (especially UP where I live) on the face they will say “See I am not that type I want friendship.” And as soon as she turns her back “Oh! Wish I could get her **** and did you see her b****…what an a**…so on! ” 
So aren’t we worse because a guy in west may be lustful about one woman at one time but here I see many looking with lust at every woman that passes in front of them 
And just today’s example we went out with our classmates and in one car were boys (7) and the other were girls and at least 4 guys kept saying vulgar and inappropriate things that I can’t even mention. So when we don’t even spare our own female friends and classmates with whom we have to spent next two years in the same class so you can very well imagine how such guys would talk about a lady they don’t even know. As I see it The guys in India (specially North India) want female company but they are not ready to give them the respect they deserve infact using swear words while talking about girls is considered something macho and cool among Punjabi youth. I wonder do they refer their mom’s and sisters like that too saying My ***** mom packed lunch for me or my ******* sister goes to school. I guess not but if you are careful not to abuse the women of your house then why not to treat the women of someone else’s house with respect too. 
And yet we say…West! Disgusting people ! because we are more interested and concerned about the filth they are privately doing in their bedrooms than the filth we are publically spreading with our words and actions.

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SUICIDE - A VERY BAD DECISION

IN NEW YORK A GIRL COMMITTED SUICIDE FOR THAT'S HER PARENTS IN CRITICAL STAGE .....OHH GOD SO HORRIFYING ......  

what actually happen after your this stupidity .......{ start imagination }
You are sitting in your room with the door locked with a pen in your hand and a blank piece of paper in front of you. Your hand is shaking, and the tears begin again - for the third time in the past hour. ‘To my family’ you write at the top of the page, but decide it’s a bad way to begin your letter, your suicide letter. You try again, start over again and again, but you do not know where to begin. No one understands you; no one knows what you are going through, you are alone or at least that’s what you think. Nobody would care if you are alive or not, you mean nothing to anybody. It’s night, and you slip into bed. ’Goodbye’ you whisper into the darkness. And with that, you take your last breathe and end it all. No body cares, right? Well you thought wrong. It’s a Tuesday the following morning, and when it’s 7:21, your mother comes and knocks on your door. She does not know you can not hear her she does not know you are gone. She knocks a few more times, calling your name to open up. When there is no reply from your side of the door, she opens it and screams. She collapses on the ground while your dad rushes to your room. Your siblings have already left for school. Your very weak mother collects all the energy she’s got which is close to nothing to walk over to your bed. She leans over your dead body, crying, squeezing your hand, screaming. Your dad is trying to stay strong, but the tears escape his eyes; calling 000 or 911 with his left hand while his other one is on your mother’s back. Your mother blames herself. All those times she had said ‘no’ to you, all those times she had screamed at you, and sent you to your room over something stupid. Your father will blame himself for not being there for you when you asked for help, for being away from home at work for long. Nobody cares, right? 8:34. There’s a knock on your classroom door it’s the school principle. he looks more worried than ever. he calls the teacher to the side; all the students worried: what’s going on? The principle then later announces about your suicide. The popular girl/boy that always called you fat and ugly is now blaming herself. The kid that would always copy your homework but treat you like crap, he’s blaming himself. The girl/boy that sits behind you, the one that always threw things at you during class, he’s blaming himself too. The teacher is blaming herself - for all those times he’d scream at you for forgetting your homework, or not listening in class. People are crying, screaming, shocked, in regret of what they did. They’ll all be devastated - even the kids you’ve never talked to before. Still nobody cares about you, right? Your siblings get home. Your mother has to tell them that you are gone; forever. Your little sister, no matter how many times she’s screamed at you, told you she hated you and stole your stuff always loved you, and saw you as her hero; her role model. She now starts to blame herself; why didn’t I do what she/he told me to do when she/he told me to? Why did I take her/his stuff even when she/he asked me not to? This is all my fault. Your brother gets home, the boy that never cries. He’s now in his room; mad at himself, he caused your death. All those times he’d played pranks on you. He’s punching holes in his wall, turning over things; he doesn’t know how to deal with the fact that you’re gone. Forever. Nobody cares about you, right? Right? It has been over a month. The door to your room has been closed all this time. Everything is different now. Your brother has to be sent to anger management classes, your little sister cries everyday still waiting for you to come back. Everyday she waits for you to come back home. The popular girls/boy have now turned anorexic. They do not know how to deal with the pain that they’re feeling. Your father has depression; your mother has not slept for nights it’s all her fault. She’s been crying and screaming every night wishing for you to come back. The boy who would always bother you dropped out of school. The boy that copied your homework now cuts. But nobody cares about you, are not I right? Your mother finally decides to go clean out your room. But she can not do it. She’s locked herself in your room for two days to try to clean up your clothes, your things. But she can not she can not say goodbye to you, not yet, not now. Never. It’s your funeral. It’s a big one, everybody comes. No one knows what to say. The beautiful girl with the big smile is gone; you’re somewhere else. No one knows what to say, they’re all still shocked. Everyone cries, everyone misses you. They all wish you’d come back but you do not, and you won’t. Still think nobody cares about you? Think again. Even if people do not show it, they care about you, they love you. If you kill yourself today or any other day you won’t know just how much you meant to people. If you kill yourself today, it stops your pain, but it pains all the ones who know you for the rest of their life. Suicide is the easy way out - but it’s the wrong choice. Life is beautiful. Yes, it does have its ups and downs everyone has their bad days. Sometimes people go through tough times in their lives like you are probably going through now but bad times come and go. You might not see the light at the end of the tunnel, but it’s there. No matter how hard life gets, never give up on yourself, or on your life. Take a minute now, and think. If you killed yourself, how would the people that love you feel/go through? Can not think of anything? Well I’ll tell you: tears, tears, and more tears. Devastation. Guilt. Pain. Broken. Regret. Miserable. If after reading this you still feel suicidal, there are people that can help you. I’m here for you whenever you need me, and I’ll be more than happy to listen to you and try to help you feel better. There are teachers, parents, grandparents, neighbors, adults, councilors, and so many more. They are all there for you whenever you need them, I promise. And we all are here too ........... dedicated to my friend olivia .... and and all friends .............. aur baaki kamino ke liye . bhi .... { Rous ,Mads , Anji , Amey , Sashi , Sandy ....kuch ka naam bhul gaya ho to khud se likh lena } .

                                                     thank you 

                                                                                          

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THE PROTECTOR - OZONE LAYER

In 1998, in recognition of the Protocol's unique accomplishments, the General Asembly in its Resolution 49/114 named 16 September as the International day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. Since that time, the Parties have used this day to celebrate the signing of the Montreal Protocol, and the significant environmental and health benefits that this amazing treaty has yielded.
The Montreal Protocol is celebrating its 25th Anniversary this year.

Q. What is ozone and where is it in the atmosphere? Ozone is a gas that is naturally present in our atmosphere. Each ozone molecule contains three atoms of oxygen and is denoted chemically as O3. Ozone is found primarily in two regions of the atmosphere. About 10% of atmospheric ozone is in the troposphere, the region closest to Earth (from the surface to about 10–16 kilometers (6–10 miles)). The remaining ozone (about 90%) resides in the stratosphere between the top of the troposphere and about 50 kilometers (31 miles) altitude. The large amount of ozone in the stratosphere is often referred to as the “ozone layer.

Q. How is ozone formed in the atmosphere?
Ozone is formed throughout the atmosphere in multistep chemical processes that require sunlight. In the stratosphere, the process begins with an oxygen molecule (O2) being broken apart by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. In the lower atmosphere (troposphere), ozone is formed by a different set of chemical reactions that involve naturally occurring gases and those from pollution sources.

Q. Why do we care about atmospheric ozone? 
Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs a large part of the Sun’s biologically harmful ultraviolet radiation. Stratospheric ozone is considered “good” ozone because of this beneficial role. In contrast, ozone formed at Earth’s surface in excess of natural amounts is considered “bad” ozone because it is harmful to humans, plants, and animals. Natural ozone near the surface and in the lower atmosphere plays an important beneficial role in chemically removing pollutants from the atmosphere.
Q. How is total ozone distributed over the globe?
The distribution of total ozone over the Earth varies with location on timescales that range from daily to seasonal. The variations are caused by large-scale movements of stratospheric air and the chemical production and destruction of ozone. Total ozone is generally lowest at the equator and highest in polar regions.
Q. How is ozone measured in the atmosphere? 
The amount of ozone in the atmosphere is measured by instruments on the ground and carried aloft on balloons, aircraft, and satellites. Some instruments measure ozone locally by continuously drawing air samples into a small detection chamber. Other instruments measure ozone remotely over long distances by using ozone’s unique optical absorption or emission properties.
Q. What are the principal steps in stratospheric ozone depletion caused by human activities?
The initial step in the depletion of stratospheric ozone by human activities is the emission, at Earth’s surface, of gases containing chlorine and bromine. Most of these gases accumulate in the lower atmosphere because they are unreactive and do not dissolve readily in rain or snow. Natural air motions transport these accumulated gases to the stratosphere, where they are converted to more reactive gases. Some of these gases then participate in reactions that destroy ozone. Finally, when air returns to the lower atmosphere, these reactive chlorine and bromine gases are removed from Earth’s atmosphere by rain and snow.
Q. What emissions from human activities lead to ozone depletion? 
Certain industrial processes and consumer products result in the emission of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) to the atmosphere. ODSs are manufactured halogen source gases that are controlled worldwide by the Montreal Protocol. These gases bring chlorine and bromine atoms to the stratosphere, where they destroy ozone in chemical reactions. Important examples are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), once used in almost all refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and the halons, which were used in fire extinguishers. Current ODS abundances in the atmosphere are known directly from air sample measurements.

 The debate over the existence of an ozone problem breeds media coverage. However, the real story is not whether stratospheric ozone levels are decreasing, but what those decreases may mean for life on earth. As the percentage of ozone in the atmosphere decreases, the amount of UV-B radiation reaching the surface increases. It's the UV-B radiation, not the ozone itself that concerns scientists, because the invisible wavelengths are linked to skin cancers and other biological damage.
Measuring UV-B is tricky. Levels are affected by time of day, day of the year, latitude, weather conditions, and the amount of ozone aloft. UV is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum made up of wavelengths between 280 and 400 nanometers (billionths of a meter). Most of this is UV-A light, only mildly associated with sunburn and DNA damage and relatively benign to most plant life. But the ill effects increase more than a thousandfold in the shorter wavelengths referred to as UV-B. Below 300 nanometers, the rays are sparse but very damaging; near 315 nanometers they're more numerous but much less destructive. Close to 310 nanometers lies the middle ground, where the number and impact of rays combine to cause the greatest harm to humans and plants. Engineers face enormous challenges when designing instruments that can measure individual wavelengths, yet such precision is necessary to determine the amount of dangerous light entering the atmosphere.
The Story of the Ozone Hole
Although often referred to as the ozone 'hole', it is really not a hole but rather a thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. We will use the term 'hole' in reference to the seasonal thinning of the ozone layer.
The appearance of a hole in the earth's ozone layer over Antarctica, first detected in 1976, was so unexpected that scientists didn't pay attention to what their instruments were telling them; they thought their instruments were malfunctioning. When that explanation proved to be erroneous, they decided they were simply recording natural variations in the amount of ozone. It wasn't until 1985 that scientists were certain they were seeing a major problem.

Why did it take scientists so long to solve this mystery? To begin with, observations that challenge preconceived ideas don't always get taken seriously, even in science. Two decades ago scientists did not suspect the importance of the chemical processes that rapidly destroy ozone in the Antarctic stratosphere. When they saw dramatic fluctuations in ozone levels, they assumed their instruments were in error, or that whatever was happening was due to natural processes like sunspot activity or volcanic eruptions.

They didn't realize that chlorine was the main culprit and that most of the chlorine in the stratosphere comes from human activity. The largest source is a class of chemical compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Because of their chemical stability, low toxicity, and valuable physical properties, these chemicals, versatile and stable in the lower atmosphere, at least, have been extensively used since the 1960s as refrigerants, industrial cleaning solvents, propellants in aerosol spray cans, and to make Styrofoam.

At the turn of the century, chlorine levels in the stratosphere were much lower than at present. As the use of CFCs has increased, however, so has their concentration in the atmosphere. Scientists could detect 100 parts per trillion (ppt) of CFC-12 in the atmosphere by the 1960s, 200 ppt by 1975, and more than 400 ppt by 1987. By 1990, they detected more than 750 ppt of CFC-11 and CFC-12, the two most destructive and persistent CFCs.

Once in the atmosphere, CFCs drift slowly upward to the stratosphere, where they are broken up by ultraviolet radiation, releasing the chlorine that catalytically destroys ozone. In the graphic below, the destructive cycle of a chlorine atom is shown.

1. UV radiation breaks off a chlorine atom from a CFC molecule.
2. The chlorine atom attacks an ozone molecule (), breaking it apart and destroying the ozone.
3. The result is an ordinary oxygen molecule () and a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO).
4. The chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO) is attacked by a free oxygen atom releasing the chlorine atom and forming an ordinary oxygen molecule ().
5. The chlorine atom is now free to attack and destroy another ozone molecule (). One chlorine atom can repeat this destructive cycle thousands of times.

The following animation shows the destruction of an ozone molecule by a chlorine atom.

Since 1974 scientists have known that chlorine can destroy ozone, but no one thought the destruction would be very rapid. Events over the Antarctic region proved them wrong. The ozone hole story began at Halley Bay in Antarctica, where British scientists had been measuring ozone in the atmosphere since 1957. In 1976 they detected a 10% drop in ozone levels during September, October, and November—the Antarctic spring. Since ozone concentrations over this region often vary from season to season, the researchers weren't concerned, even as the springtime declines occurred repeatedly. It wasn't until their instruments registered record low levels of ozone in 1983 that they realized something important was happening. By then, record springtime ozone declines had occurred during seven of the previous eight years.

Within two years, scientists determined that the ozone hole over Antarctica occurs when high levels of chlorine catalytically destroy ozone. The high levels of active chlorine are formed in the cold, dark winter stratosphere when reactions on the surface of icy cloud particles release chlorine from harmless (to ozone) chemical compounds into an active form that reacts with ozone. When the sunlight returns to the polar region in the austral spring, the active chlorine rapidly begins to destroy ozone. The extremely cold ice clouds can form over both poles during winter, but they are more common over the Antarctic region. During winter, atmospheric circulation creates a whirlpool, or vortex, of air above both poles. Very low temperatures occur inside a polar vortex, which is isolated from the rest of the atmosphere. The extreme cold fosters the formation of ice clouds during the winter and paves the way for the destruction of ozone when the light returns during spring. Scientists documented this mechanism in a series of field experiments in 1987. The graphic below compares the ozone averages (measured in Dobson Units) over Antarctica for the periods 1970-72, 1979, and 1992-95.

The Arctic region is typically spared the worst of the ozone destruction because its vortex normally breaks down several weeks before the sun returns, dissipating the ice clouds. The larger percentage of land masses in the northern latitudes, particularly mountains, prevents an excessive build-up of ice clouds. Geography isn't always enough to dissipate the vortex, however. The North Pole's vortex was unusually strong and long-lived during the winter of 1992-1993, for example. When sunlight appeared, it drove down Arctic ozone levels well into March. Because there is more ozone over the North Pole to begin with, this decline didn't create a hole. However, it did send ozone-depleted air over populated areas of the Northern Hemisphere when the vortex broke up.

The loss of ozone over populous regions underscores the importance of following up on the 1987 Montreal Protocol. This agreement, now signed by more than 70 countries, set goals of reducing CFC production by 20% (relative to 1986 levels) by 1993 and by 50% by 1998. These targets have since been strengthened to call for the elimination of the most dangerous CFCs by 1996 and for regulation of other ozone-depleting chemicals. The United States and other nations are well on their way to meeting these goals. In 1993, global CFC production was already down 40% compared to 1986 levels. That's fortunate, since the CFCs already in circulation will continue to pose a threat to the earth's ozone layer for another hundred years. There is good news to this story. The graph below shows the skyrocketing path of CFC-11 from the 1950s until the mid-1990s. Recent measurements have shown a clear decline in CFC-11.

     your duty for this mother earth 

… YOUR CONSUMPTION

The first step to reducing your impact on the environment, is reducing the amounts of resources you consume and use. Think twice before you buy or use anything. Do you really need it? By reducing your consumption you will also decrease the amount of waste you produce.

… YOUR WASTE

There are also many other ways to reduce your waste. The opportunities are nearly endless. Here are just a few ideas.

Think before you print or photocopy! Print and copy as little as possible. Edit on screen, not on paper. Use e-mail to minimize paper use. Send and store documents like necessary papers and business proposals electronically instead of on paper. When you must print or copy, do it double-sided. Circulate documents instead of making an individual copy for everyone. Change the margins on your Word documents. The default margins on the documents you print are 1.25 inches on all sides. Simply changing the margins to 0.75 inches will reduce the amount of paper you use by almost 5 percent.

… YOUR ENERGY CONSUMPTION

There are so many ways of optimizing your energy consumption

Turn off unused or unneeded lights. Use natural lighting instead of electric lighting whenever possible. If you have a desk lamp, make sure it uses fluorescent bulbs (instead of incandescent bulbs). Dress appropriate to the season Select cold water for washing clothes Keep windows and doors closed in heated and air-conditioned areas. Turn off computers when they are not in use. Turn off printers, especially laser printers, unless printing. Don’t use power strips to turn on all computers and desk equipment at once. When purchasing computers and peripherals, buy low wattage equipment Minimize use of screen savers and instead enable power management features Purchase only energy-efficient products Move your refrigerator. Leaving space between your refrigerator and the wall increases air circulation around the condenser coils, allowing the fridge to operate more efficiently.

… YOUR OIL CONSUMPTION AND POLLUTION

Drive Efficiently -  If you must drive, buck the trend toward more wasteful vehicles and drive a fuel efficient car, i.e. one which gets more miles per gallon, and don’t drive it more than you really need to!   Park your car in the shade. Gas evaporates from your fuel tank more quickly when you park in the sun. Parking in the shade lowers the temperature in your gas tank by up to 7 degrees, significantly reducing fuel evaporation.

REUSE

Plastic containers can become food storage, paper can become wrapping paper. The ways in which to reuse things are unlimited. All you need is to be creative. If being creative is not your thing, here are some other ideas:

Reuse envelopes by placing a new label over the old address. Designate a box for scrap paper and use it for printing all drafts or unofficial documents. Reuse plastic bags or better get a reusable canvas bags.

RECYCLE

When buying any type of product, see if it is available with post consumer recycled content.

Wrap presents in gift bags. Once you tear the wrapping paper off a holiday gift it ends up in the recycle bin, but gift bags can be used over and over again. Production of recycled paper uses only half the water and 3/4 of the energy than new paper Every ton of recycled paper saves almost 400 gallons of oil, three cubic yards of landfill space and seventeen trees.  If you recycle soda cans, the energy used and air pollution created, is 95 percent less than if the cans were produced from raw materials.  You could operate a TV set for an estimated three hours with the energy saved by recycling just one aluminum can

Thinking green means being aware of our interconnectedness with the world and reflecting on the unintended damage we cause nature in the daily course of our lives. Thinking green leads to acting green - taking corrective action to make environmental responsibility a reality.

"Every person is the right person to act. Every moment is the right moment to begin". THE Time to Act is Now!

              

                                                                                                

                                                             
                                                                     thank you 





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